chinese reconnaissance satellites

迄今，中国共研制成功3个型号的侦察卫星，如美国企图军事干预中国台湾问题等内政，它会发现，它在全球的军事调动都在中国侦察卫星的掌握中。 

So far, China has successfully developed three types of reconnaissance satellites, such as the United States military intervention to Chinese Taiwan problem and so on internal affairs, it will be seen that in the world of the military to mobilize all reconnaissance satellites in China in the master.  

中国自从一九七零年四月二十四日发射成功第一颗人造卫星「东方红一号」后，就把研制发展应用卫星作为空间技术发展的主要方针。      

China since April 24, the successful launch the first man-made satellite "dongfanghong number one", get the application development as a space technology development of satellite main policy.     

到一九九七年底，中国已发射了自行研制的四十颗卫星，其中返回式侦察卫星十七颗，气象卫星八颗、通信广播卫星三颗、科学技术试验卫星十二颗。 

To the end of 1997, China has launched a developed by forty satellite, which recoverable satellite reconnaissance of 17, meteorological satellite communications satellite broadcasting eight star, three star, science and technology experimental satellite twelve.   

空间技术在国防、经济应用方面逐步扩大，取得重大效益，在增强国防实力，提高中国国际地位方面，正发挥越来越大的作用。      

Space technology in the national defense, economy gradually expand the application, and made great benefits, in strengthen the national defense capabilities and enhance China's international position, are playing more and more important role.  

中国很早就认识到返回式侦察卫星的重要性。    

China had known to recoverable satellite reconnaissance importance.     

早在一九六五年制定中国卫星系列规划时，就把返回式侦察卫星确定为中国卫星发展规划的一个重点，并于一九七五年获得首次飞行试验和返回成功，成为继苏联和美国之后，第三个成功发射返回式卫星的国家。    

As early as in the 1965 series set in Chinese satellite program, took recoverable satellite reconnaissance satellite development planning for China to determine a key, and in 1975 made its first flight test and return to success, become the Soviet union and the USA, the third successful launch recoverable satellites country.

这一成就重要性在于：从此中国拥有了自己的战略侦察手段，可以为中国的战略导弹确定目标，   

This achievement is important: and China have their own strategic reconnaissance, for China's strategic missiles can determine the goal,      

并能监视他国的军事部署和调动情况，还能检查中国自己军事目标的伪装情况，军事上的价值无法替代

And can monitor foreign military deployment and mobilize situation, can also check the disguise of China military goals, the value of the military can replace

目前，中国的恒星相机摄星能力，从最初四等星可测提高到七等星可测，可测星的数量从十颗左右提高到近二百颗，这是大的进步，它从一个侧面证明中国航天照相机技术达到了一个高水平，显示中国已经能够极精确地测定地球上任何一点的位置，可以为战略武器指示目标。    

At present, China's star camera taken star ability, from the first four star can be measured up to seven stars such as measurable, can be measured the star of the Numbers from ten of increased to nearly two hundred star around, this is great progress, it from a side that Chinese aerospace camera technology to achieve a high level, show that China has been able to very accurately determine the position of any point on the earth, can for strategic weapons instructions goal.      

在台湾危机中，美国航空母舰的位置必然在中国侦察卫星的掌握中。

In Taiwan in the crisis, the U.S. aircraft carrier position in China will grasp of the satellite reconnaissance.  

中国拥有大量远程反舰导弹和潜艇。   

China has a large number of remote anti-ship missile and submarines.   

如果用侦察卫星指挥他们在近海进行协调一致的饱和攻击，那么无论是美国海军还是台湾海军都难以抵挡。

If use satellite reconnaissance command they coordinate in offshore consistent saturated attack, so whether the United States navy or Taiwan navy are difficult to resist.  

中国目前在巩固和提高光学侦察技术的同时，也已开展了雷达对地（海）侦察技术的研究，以实现中国全天时和全天候的空间对地侦察，中国雷达侦察卫星投入使用后，中国的卫星侦察将不再受天气限制，熟悉军事人士会知道，   

China is currently in the consolidated and improve optical reconnaissance technology at the same time, it has carried out the radar for (sea) reconnaissance technology research, in order to realize China when all day and round-the-clock space of reconnaissance, China radar reconnaissance satellites put into use, China's satellite reconnaissance will no longer be the weather limit, familiar with military people would know, 

10年前才投入使用的美国“长曲棍球”雷达侦察卫星具备一定的探地能力。 

10 years ago to put into use of American "long hockey" radar reconnaissance satellites have certain ability to agent. 

据说它能发现地下5米深度的目标。     

It is said that it can find five meters deep underground target. 

中国早就开始了探地雷达的研制，中国具备探地能力的雷达侦察卫星投入使用将比美国晚10年以上，但它的探地能力将比其前辈一一美国“长曲棍球”卫星强。   

China has started to the ground penetrating radar development, China has the ability to ground radar reconnaissance satellites will be put into use than the United States 10 years later, but its agents may be higher than its predecessors, the ability to one American "long hockey" satellite is strong.  

台湾军方自以为神秘的佳山地下要塞和其它地下工事，将像玻璃缸中的金鱼。 

Taiwan military thought mysterious better under the mountain fortress and other underground works, like the glass will goldfish.      

正由于侦察卫星在军事方面性能重要，近期美国出现了垄断航天侦察的企图。 

Because of reconnaissance satellites in the military field performance important, a recent American appeared monopoly space reconnaissance attempt.      

一九九七年十月十七日，美国进行了一次激光打卫星的试验。  

October 17, 1997, the United States conducted a a laser satellite experiment. 

目前美国因技术限制，尚无击毁别国卫星的能力，但它发射的激光束可对光学侦察卫星的光学部件造成伤害。    

The United States now is limited because of the technology, there is no shot down a satellite in other countries the ability, but it can be for the launch of the laser beam optical satellite reconnaissance optical components of the damage.      

中国不会参与空间军备竞赛，但中国在高能激光方面已具水平，虽然不具备击毁卫星的能力，但破坏光学侦察卫星的能力还是有的，这将足以威慑别国对中国侦察卫星的干扰和非法激光攻击。      

China will not participate in space arms race, but China in high energy laser has a level, although do not have destroyed satellite ability, but the damage the ability of optical satellite reconnaissance or some, this will be enough to deter other countries reconnaissance satellites to China of interference and illegal laser attacks.     

Infrasound weapons

次声武器

Infrasound weapons

次声武器就是一种能发射频率低于20赫兹的次声波，使其与人体发生共振，致使共振的器官或部位发生位移、变形、甚至破裂，从而造成损伤以至死亡的高技术武器。   

Infrasound weapon is a kind of can launch less often than 20 hz device of the human body in resonance, cause resonance organs or parts of displacement and deformation, even happen ruptured, and the damage to the death of high-tech weapons.  

次声武器具有隐蔽性强、传播速度快、传播距离远、穿透力强、不污染环境、不破坏设施等特点，是世界各国军方争相研制的非致命武器，并将成为未来战争中非常重要的新概念武器。 

Infrasound weapons latent strong, speed, dissemination of distance, strong penetration, no pollution, not destroy the facilities, and other features, is the countries all over the world to military developed non-lethal weapons, and will become the future war very important new concept weapon.  

次声波是频率为0.0001～20Hz的声波，这个频段通常是人耳听不到的。   

Device is 0.0001 ~ 20 Hz frequency of sound waves, the band is usually ear to hear.   

由于人体各部位都存在细微而有节奏的脉动，这种脉动频率一般为2～16Hz，如内脏为4～6Hz，头部为8～12Hz等。  

Due to the human body each place there are subtle and rhythmic pulse, the pulse frequency for 2 ~ 16 Hz, such as the gut is 4 ~ 6 Hz, head for 8 to 12 Hz, etc.

人体的这些固有频率正好在次声波的频率范围内，一旦大功率的次声波作用于人体，就会引起人体强烈的共振，从而造成极大的伤害。      

The natural frequency of the human body just in the frequency of the device, within the scope of the high power once in the human body function device, can cause human body strong resonance, so as to cause great harm. 

谈到共振的破坏力，可能不少读者都知道在19世纪的欧洲，曾多次发生过士兵齐步过桥引发桥体共振，使大桥倒塌的悲剧。     

Talking about the destructive force of the resonance, many readers may know that in Europe in the 19 th century, has repeatedly had soldiers happy by crossing the bridge resonance of bridge, the tragedy of the bridge collapsed.   

坚固的大桥都可以毁于共振，何况血肉之躯呢！ 

Solid bridge can be destroyed by resonance, how much more will flesh!  

次声武器就是利用频率低于20Hz的次声波与人体发生共振，使共振的器官或部位发生位移和变形而造成人体损伤以至死亡的一种武器   

Time is the use frequency sound weapon lower than 20 Hz device and the human body in resonance, make the resonance organ or parts displacement and deformation happened caused damage to human body death of a weapon      

　　次声波与人体发生共振的频率和强度不同，对人体的各种器官和部位损伤程度也不同。  

Device with human body resonance occur the intensity and frequency of different, to the human body organs and areas of the damage degree are different.      

强度相同、频率不同的次声波可对不同器官和部位造成损伤；  

The same intensity and frequency of different device of different organs and parts can cause damage;      

频率相同的次声波的杀伤程度视其波强度而定。 

The same frequency device depending on the degree of the killer wave intensity and calm.  

次声波对人可产生精神的和机械的损伤。    

People can produce device to the spirit and mechanical damage.     

其主要症状有：全身不适、无力、头晕目眩、恶心呕吐、眼球震颤，严重的可发生神志失常、癫狂不止、腹部疼痛、内脏破裂等。      

The main symptoms have: the whole body unwell, weakness, dizziness, nausea and vomiting, nystagmus, serious can happen was wrong, madness, abdominal pain, more than internal organs burst, etc.  

国外实验证明，10赫135分贝的次声波，可使小白鼠的内脏濒临坏死状态；     

Overseas experiment prove, 10 Hector 135 db device, can make the mice on the internal organs of necrosis state;   

0.5赫170分贝左右的次声波，可使狗的呼吸困难，甚至停止。  

0.5 hz 170 decibels or so device, can make the dog's breath is difficult, even stop.

次声是不易被人察觉和听不见的声音，在大气中传播衰减很少，与大气沟通的掩体和工事难以防御。   

Time is not easy to sound be perceived and hear the voice of the atmospheric attenuation spread very few, and the atmosphere of the bunkers and works hard to communicate to the defense.   

次声武器一般由次声发生器、动力装置和控制系统组成,其中次声发生器是关键。   

Infrasound weapons general by infrasound generator, power plant and control system composition, including infrasound generator is the key.     

次声武器的作用距离,决定于次声发生器的辐射声功率、指向性图案和声波的传播条件。 

The role of infrasound weapons distance, decided in times of sound generator radiated acoustic power, directionality design and sound waves conditions.      

次声波不易集聚成束，在空旷环境中很难产生高强次声。  

Not the bundle concentration device, in the open environment it is difficult to have a high strength infrasound.   

次声的波长很长，要使它定向传播，其聚集系统的尺寸将会很大（直径达几十米或几百米），实际上很难实现。 

Once the wavelength of the sound is very long, will make it directional spread, the gathered the size of the system will be large (diameter of dozens of meters or hundreds of meters), in fact it is difficult to achieve.   

因此，有的国家考虑采用两个频率相近的可听声波，使其频率差处在次声频率范围内，这样可较易实现次声的定向辐射。  

Therefore, some countries consider to use two frequencies similar to listen to sound waves, make its frequency difference in infrasound frequency range, so can more easily to realize the time of the directional sound radiation.  

另外还有利用爆炸产生高强次声的次声弹的设想。     

Another use high strength time from an explosion of infrasound play the sound of ideas.      

种类及应用    

Types and application   

从目前研制的情况看，次声武器的关键技术主要有两项，一项是高功率次声发生器，另一项是次声波的聚焦发射。     

From the current situation of development view, infrasound weapons are two of the main key technology, one is high power infrasound generator, another device is the focus on launch.    

关于聚焦技术国外报道很少，高功率发生器则有较多报道。      

Focus on technology foreign coverage rarely, high power generator is reported to have more.    

按照感官刺激分类，次声武器可分为两种，即神经型和器官型。      

Follow the sensory stimulation classification, infrasound weapons can be divided into two kinds, namely nerves and organs type.      

神经型次声武器的发射频率与人脑的阿尔法节律相近(约5Hz)，能强烈刺激人的神经，使人晕眩头痛、精神沮丧或神经错乱。    

Nerves infrasound weapons and frequency of the human brain launch alpha rhythm close (about 5 Hz), can stimulate the human strong nerve, make person dizzy headaches, mental depression or a neurological disorder.  

器官型次声武器的发射频率与人体内脏固有频率相当(4～8Hz)，可使人出现恶心呕吐、胃痛、呼吸困难等症状。 

Type of weapons organs infrasound launch frequency and human gut inherent frequency quite (4 to 8 Hz), can make the person nausea vomiting, stomach, difficulty breathing and other symptoms.

以次声波产生的方式分类，次声武器大致可分为以下几种：      

The way to produce device classification, infrasound weapons can be roughly divided into the following kinds:   

气爆式次声武器    

Gas explosion type infrasound weapons     

气爆式次声武器工作原理     

Gas explosion type infrasound weapons work principle     

是将压缩空气、高压蒸汽或高压燃气有控制地以脉冲式突然放出，利用高速排出的气体激发周围媒质的低频振动，形成所需的次声波。      

Is compressed air, high pressure steam or high pressure gas with control to pulsed suddenly released, using high-speed the expulsion of gas stimulate the medium low frequency vibration around, needed for the formation of device.

这种次声装置因体积小、频率低、易控制，近年发展较快。      

This time for small volume, acoustic device low frequency and easy control, the fast development in recent years.   

但其次声波强度较低，近距离使用才有效。

But the second sound waves strength is low, close use was effective.     

爆弹式次声武器    

The explosion of infrasound weapons  

是利用爆炸产生强次声波，也可称为次声弹。    

Using explosions produce device is strong, can also be called infrasound play.

爆炸所释放的能量约有50%形成冲击波，冲击波衰减后又产生次声波。   

Bang the energy released about 50% form shock, shock wave attenuation and produce device.  

目前的新型次声弹是将已有的燃料空气弹加以改进，使原来只能形成一个云雾团变成可以形成若干云雾团，并能连续多次引爆。      

The new times is the sound of the existing fuel air play will be improved, and the original can only form a cloud group into form a number cloud group, and has repeatedly and exploded.    

只要控制好云雾团的数量和起爆时间间隔，就能获得所需频率的次声波。

As long as the control group and the bursting of the cloud and mist the number of time intervals, can obtain frequency of the device.      

管式次声武器 

Tubular infrasound weapons

其构造和工作原理很像乐器中的笛子，当管子中空气柱的振动与管子本身固有频率相同时，就可产生较强的次声波。 

The structure and working principle of the Musical Instruments like flute, when the pipe of vibration and tube column hollow itself inherent frequency phase and at the same time, it can produce strong device.

在管子一端装上一个活塞，用电动机驱动或用气流激励，当振动频率的1/4波长与管子长度相等时，可获得最强的次声波。

In the pipe end loaded on a piston, power motive drive or with air incentives, as the vibration frequency and the pipe length is equal to a quarter wavelength can be obtained when the strongest device.      

但要产生次声波，管子必须足够长。   

But to produce the device, the pipe must be long enough. 

扬声器式次声武器 

The speaker type infrasound weapons

其工作原理与扬声器相似。  

The working principle and the speaker similar.  

采用特殊的振动膜片，膜片振动可产生一定频率的次声波。      

The use of special vibration diaphragm, diaphragm vibration can produce certain device of frequency.

但要产生一定强度的次声波，除要求较高的振幅外，还必须使振动膜面积足够大，其周长大致要与次声波波长相当。 

But to produce a certain intensity of device, in addition to demand higher amplitude outside, still must make vibration membrane area is enough big, its circumference is generally a device with wavelength.   

频率差拍式次声武器     

Frequency difference of infrasound take weapons     

是采用两个不同频率的声波发生器同时工作，利用它们频率的相差来获得需要的低频次声波。      

Is to use two different frequency sound wave generator working at the same time, use them to obtain the frequency is the device to low frequency.      

其中有一种方法是利用压电晶体产生两束频率稍有差异的超声波，两者作用产生高频和低频声波，高频声波是两者频率之和，低频声波是两者频率之差，高频声波在空气中很快衰减，低频声波(次声波)则直达目标。  

One method is to use a piezoelectric crystal produce two beams of slightly different frequency of ultrasonic, both effects from high frequency and low frequency sound waves, high-frequency sound waves is both the sum frequency, the low frequency sound waves are both frequency difference, high-frequency sound waves in the air in the decay quickly, the low frequency sound waves (device) is direct target.     

这种方式能量转换率高，并可制成小型武器。    

This way the energy conversion rate is high, and can be made of small arms.

特点

characteristics

次声武器具有隐蔽性强，传播速度快、传播距离远，穿透力强，不污染环境和破坏设施等特点，军事科学家已把它列为未来战争中新概念武器的重要成员。  

Infrasound weapons latent strong, speed, dissemination of distance, strong penetration, no pollution and destruction facilities and other characteristics, military scientists have to declare it in the future war, new concepts important members of weapons.     

它将成为新世纪战场上的新宠利器。   

It will become the new century battlefield is new bestow favor on tool.   

缺点

faults     

次声波武器虽是强大、厉害的武器，但却存在着固有的缺陷。  

Though device is strong, severe weapons of weapons, but has the inherent defect.      

首先，次声波不易聚焦成束，实现定向聚焦发射相当困难，导致的直接结果就是敌我不分，容易误伤，且在空旷的环境中难于产生高强次声波；    

First of all, is not easy to focus on the bundle device, and realize the directional focus on launch is hard, cause the direct result of all is against, easy to fire, and in the open environment difficult to produce the high strength device;

其次，次声波很长，因而定向困难；   

Second, the device is very long, thus directional difficulties;     

再次，它的聚焦尺寸太大，一般很难实现。

Again, it's focusing size is too big, generally difficult to realize. 

不管怎么说，次声武器的问世，世间又多了一种杀戮的方式。  

Anyway, infrasound weapons coming out, and a new world killing way.  

由于次声武器对环境、自然生物及非战斗人员所产生的巨大的破坏作用，该武器是否应当投入实战值得商榷。    

Due to the environment, infrasound weapons natural biological and non-combatants generated huge damage, the weapon whether we should be put into actual combat is debatable.